Cortisol is the most potent glucocorticoid produced by the human adrenal. It is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is stimulated by pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). ACTH and CRF secretions are inhibited by high cortisol levels in a negative feedback loop. In plasma a majority of cortisol […]

Corticosterone, also known as 17-deoxycortisol and 11β,21-dihydroxyprogesterone, is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. It is of minor importance in humans, except in the very rare case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.

Caffeine is a naturally occurring chemical that is present in tea, cola nuts, guarana and coffee. It is able to stimulate the central nervous system, cardiac muscle, stimulate the respiratory system, act as a diuretic and delay fatigue.

Oxolinic acid is a quinolone antibiotic developed in Japan in the 1970s. Dosages 12–20 mg/kg orally administered for five to ten days. The antibiotic works by inhibiting the enzyme DNA gyrase. It also acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and has stimulant effects in mice.

Oxazepam is a tranquilizer member of the benzodiazepine class. Oxazepam is prescribed to treat feelings of tension and anxiety. It is also used to calm patients who are suffering from the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.

Cyclopentobarbital sodium (Cyclopal, Dormisan) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s. It has sedative and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine. Cyclopal is considered similar in effects to phenobarbital but lasts almost three times as long, and is considered a long-acting barbiturate with a fairly slow onset of […]

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3′-5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).

Caffeine is a naturally occurring chemical that is present in tea, cola nuts, guarana and coffee. It is able to stimulate the central nervous system, cardiac muscle, stimulate the respiratory system, act as a diuretic and delay fatigue.

Caffeine is a naturally occurring chemical that is present in tea, cola nuts, guarana and coffee. It is able to stimulate the central nervous system, cardiac muscle, stimulate the respiratory system, act as a diuretic and delay fatigue.