Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide bacteriostatic antibiotic. It is most often used as part of a synergistic combination with trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio in co-trimoxazole, also known under trade names such as Bactrim, Septrin, or Septra; in Eastern Europe it is marketed as Biseptol. Its primary activity is against susceptible forms of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, […]

Sulfathiazole is an organosulfur compound that has been used as a short-acting sulfa drug. It once was a common oral and topical antimicrobial until less toxic alternatives were discovered. It is still occasionally used, sometimes in combination with sulfabenzamide and sulfacetamide, and in aquariums.

Sulfaquinoxaline is a veterinary medicine which can be given to cattle and sheep to treat coccidiosis.

Sulfapyridine is not prescribed for treatment in humans any more. However, it may be used to treat Linear IgA Disease. It is a good antibacterial drug, but its water solubility is very pH dependent. Thus there is a risk of crystallization within the bladder or urethra, which could lead to pain or blockage. The drug […]

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms. However, gentamicin is not used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis or Legionella pneumophila. Gentamicin is also ototoxic and nephrotoxic, with this toxicity remaining a major problem in clinical use.

Folic acid and Folate (the anion form) are forms of a water-soluble B vitamin. These occur naturally in food and can also be taken as supplements. The biologically active form of folic acid is tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), which is derived by the 2-step reduction of folate involving dihydrofolate reductase. THFA plays a key role in […]

Estriolis a hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxylgroup at C3-beta, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is the mainestrogen in the blood and urine of pregnant females. During pregnancy, largeamount of estriol is produced by the placenta. Serum estriol determinationsreflect the status of the fetus and are used to evaluate fetal distress […]

Sulfaphenazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial. In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. As such, the microorganism will be “starved” of folate and die.

Sulfanilamide is a sulfonamide antibacterial. Chemically, it is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline. As a sulfonamide antibiotic, it functions by competitively inhibiting (i.e., by acting as a substrate analogue) enzymatic reactions involving para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). PABA is needed in enzymatic reactions that produce folic acid which acts as a […]