Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive recreational drug with stimulant properties which acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim. MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004 when it was reportedly sold as a designer drug. Products labeled as bath salts containing MDPV […]

Creatinine is produced as the result of normal muscle metabolism.

Protein L was first isolated from the surface of bacterial species Peptostreptococcus magnus and was found to bind immunoglobulins through L chain interaction, from which the name was suggested. It consists of 719 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of Protein L purified from the cell walls of Peptostreptoccus magnus was first estimated as 95kD […]

Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy, first isolated in 1945. These peptides disrupt both gram positive and gram negative bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis. Bacitracin is used as a topical preparation (since it is toxic and has […]

Aminoglycosides are a family of bactericidal antibiotics that are used in the treatment of specific bacterial infections. They display a concentration dependent killing action and are active against a wide range of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Aminoglycosides are molecules that are comprised of an amino group and a sugar group. They operate by inhibiting the bacteria […]

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that belongs to a class of antibiotics called penicillins. Other members of this class include ampicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin and a several others. These antibiotics are very similar to penicillin. They stop bacteria fr

Streptavidin is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H). With a dissociation constant (Kd) on the order of ≈10?14 mol/L, the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in […]

Streptavidin is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H). With a dissociation constant (Kd) on the order of ≈10?14 mol/L, the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in […]

Streptavidin is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H). With a dissociation constant (Kd) on the order of ≈10?14 mol/L, the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in […]

Ochratoxin A is a polyketide-derived dihydroiso-coumarin moiety linked through the 12-carboxy group to phenylalanine. Ochratoxin A is the most important and most commonly occurring of a structurally related group of compounds. It is produced by some species of Aspergillus, such as A. ochraceus, mainly in tropical regions, and by Penicillium verrucosum, a common storage fungus […]