Mammalian antibacterial metabolite. Inhibitor of isocitrate lyase, the key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle, essential for bacterial growth. Antimicrobial. Antibacterial. Inhibits the growth of bacteria expressing isocitrate lyase. Phosphofructokinase (PFKII) inhibitor. Suppresses glycolysis by decreasing the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, resulting in decreased visceral fat. Might be involved in the regulation of metabolism. One of the most highly induced metabolites in activated macrophages. Exerts anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Regulates succinate levels by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Regulates mitochondrial respiration and cytokine production. Might induce inflammasome activation and consequently IL-1beta secretion by generating ROS.