Kainic acid (algakaininso) is a potent neuroexcitatory compound derived from the red alga Digenea simplex, which acts as an agonist for AMPA/kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptors. It induces excitotoxicity by promoting excessive Ca²⁺ influx, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and selective neuronal death.

Bexotegrast(PLN-74809) is potent dual selective inhibitor of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrins with Kd of 5.7 nM and 3.4 nM, respectively. It has antifibrogenic effects, blocks multiple TGF-β activation pathways in the fibrotic lung, and is useful for researching fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).

Butyrolactone 3 is a non-irreversible inhibitor of the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5, with an IC50 of 100 μM. It selectively targets the Gcn5/PCAF family exhibiting weak inhibition of CBP HAT with an IC50 of 0.5 mM and also inhibits pre-mRNA splicing in vitro before catalysis, with an IC50 of 0.5 mM.

Bexotegrast(PLN-74809) is potent dual selective inhibitor of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrins with Kd of 5.7 nM and 3.4 nM, respectively. It has antifibrogenic effects, blocks multiple TGF-β activation pathways in the fibrotic lung, and is useful for researching fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).

Bexotegrast(PLN-74809) is potent dual selective inhibitor of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrins with Kd of 5.7 nM and 3.4 nM, respectively. It has antifibrogenic effects, blocks multiple TGF-β activation pathways in the fibrotic lung, and is useful for researching fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).

Bexotegrast(PLN-74809) is potent dual selective inhibitor of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrins with Kd of 5.7 nM and 3.4 nM, respectively. It has antifibrogenic effects, blocks multiple TGF-β activation pathways in the fibrotic lung, and is useful for researching fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).

Tonabersat (SB-220453) is a gap-junction modulator. Tonabersat prevents inflammatory damage in the central nervous system.

Artemisitene, a natural derivative of Artemisinin, is a Nrf2 activator with antioxidant and anticancer activities. Artemisitene activates Nrf2 by decreasing Nrf2 ubiquitination and increasing its stability.

BAY-069 is a potent dual inhibitor of BCAT1/2 (branched-chain amino acid transaminases), with IC50 values of 31 nM for BCAT1 and 153 nM for BCAT2. It demonstrates high cellular activity, excellent selectivity, and is used as an in vitro probe.

BAY-069 is a potent dual inhibitor of BCAT1/2 (branched-chain amino acid transaminases), with IC50 values of 31 nM for BCAT1 and 153 nM for BCAT2. It demonstrates high cellular activity, excellent selectivity, and is used as an in vitro probe.