Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food. It is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates long-stored food and it causes different toxic effects, like nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Citrinin is mainly found in stored grains, but sometimes also in fruits and other plant products.

Sterigmatocystin (SMC) is a mycotoxin with a very similar structure to AFB1. Sterigmatocystin is produced by more than 50 types of fungus, including the Aspergillus fungus species. Sterigmatocystin has been found in samples of nuts, beer and grains including wheat, barley, rye, oat and rice, as well as Grain products including flour, bread and pastries, […]

Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane. It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry. Its exposure on the outer surface of a membrane marks the cell for destruction […]

Diquat is a yellow crystalline solid dissolved in a liquid carrier. It is a water emulsifiable liquid. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Since it is a liquid it can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. […]

Dieldrin is a light-tan flaked solid. It is insoluble in water. It is toxic by inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion. It can penetrate intact skin. It is used as an insecticide.

Dieldrin is a light-tan flaked solid. It is insoluble in water. It is toxic by inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion. It can penetrate intact skin. It is used as an insecticide.

Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid which is localized and synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). It can also be found in the membranes of most bacteria. The name “cardiolipin” is derived from the fact that it was first found in animal hearts. It was first isolated from beef heart in the early 1940s. […]

Cortisol is the most potent glucocorticoid produced by the human adrenal. It is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is stimulated by pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). ACTH and CRF secretions are inhibited by high cortisol levels in a negative feedback loop. In plasma a majority of cortisol […]

Monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) is a synthetic antineoplastic agent. It is part of the approved drug belantamab mafodotin in multiple myeloma and some experimental anti-cancer antibody-drug conjugates such as vorsetuzumab mafodotin and SGN-CD19A. In International Nonproprietary Names for MMAF-antibody-conjugates, the name mafodotin refers to MMAF plus its attachment structure to the antibody.

MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E) is an antimitotic agent that binds to tubulin and inhibits the assembly of microtubules. Mc-VC-PAB-MMAE is a thiol reactive derivative of MMAE that containing a cathepsin cleavable valine-citruline p-aminobenzylcarbamate linkage. Mc-VC-PAB-MMAE is used to prepare antibody-drug conjugates, such as brentuximab vedotin (Seattle Genetics).