Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a dicarboxylic acid that is a C-methylated derivative of malonate. The coenzyme A linked form of methylmalonic acid, methylmalonyl-CoA, is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. In this way, it enters the Krebs cycle, and is thus part of one of […]

Procaine is a benzoic acid derivative with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Procaine binds to and inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic flux required for the initiation and conduction of impulses. In addition, this agent increases electrical excitation threshold, reduces rate of rise of action potential and slows nerve impulse propagation thereby causing […]

Propyphenazone is a pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic and a peripheral nervous system drug. It derives from an antipyrine.

Resorcinol is a 1,3-isomer (or meta-isomer) of benzenediol with the formula C6H4(OH)2. It is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in topical pharmaceutical products in the treatment of skin disorders and infections such as acne, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, corns, calluses, and warts. It exerts a keratolytic activity. Resorcinol works by helping to remove hard, […]

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a six-carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in […]

Vitamin E is a term used to describe 8 different fat soluble tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active1. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage1. The antioxidant effects are currently being researched for use in the treatment of diseases causing bone loss, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and […]

Folic acid, also known as folate or Vitamin B9, is a member of the B vitamin family and an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis. More specifically, folic acid is required by the body for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and methionine before incorporation into DNA or protein. Folic acid is […]

In addition to its role as a precursor to testosterone in the body, androstenedione has androgenic properties in its own right, acting as a weak partial agonist of the androgen receptor. However, in the presence of full agonists like testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), due to its lower intrinsic activity in comparison, it has antagonistic properties, […]

Levamisole is levamisole is a nicotinic receptor agonist used to treat helminth infections and some skin infections.

Benzoylecgonine is the major metabolite of cocaine. It is formed by hydrolysis of cocaine in the liver, catalysed by carboxylesterases. It is excreted in the urine of cocaine users after processing in the liver. It is the main pharmaceutical ingredient in the investigational drug Esterom, a topical solution used for the relief of muscle pain […]