Interleukin 16, also named lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF), was originally identified as a CD8+ T-cell-derived chemoattractant for CD4+ cells. The biologically active form of IL-16 was originally proposed to be a homotetramer of 14 kDa chains containing 130 amino acid residue subunits. The complete pro-IL-16 cDNA was subsequently cloned and shown to encode a 631 […]

Interleukin 16 (IL-16), also known as lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF), refers to the C-terminal peptide of pro-IL-16 isoform 1, which is a nuclear and cytoplasmic PDZ-containing protein. The C-terminus of pro-IL-16 is cleaved by Caspase-3, resulting in the release of secreted IL-16. Mature IL-16 has been shown to bind the cell surface receptor CD4 and […]

IL-13 is a 17 kDa immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and atopy. It is secreted by Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells, NK cells, visceral smooth muscle cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. IL-13 circulates as a monomer with two internal disulfide bonds that contribute to a […]

Human Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a widely expressed 14 kDa cytokine that is plays an important role in many immunological diseases. It shares approximately 97% and 73% sequence identity with simian and murine IL-15, respectively. Both human and simian IL-15 are active on murine cells. IL-15 is secreted by mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells), especially […]

IL-13 is a immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and atopy. It is secreted by Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells, NK cells, visceral smooth muscle cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. IL-13 circulates as a monomer with two internal disulfide bonds that contribute to a bundled four […]

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) was first recognized for its effects on B cells and monocytes, where it upregulated class II expression, promoted IgE class switching and inhibited inflammatory cytokine production. IL-13 is a monomeric 17 kDa immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergy, cancer, and tissue fibrosis. Mature human IL-13 shares approximately […]

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) was first recognized for its effects on B cells and monocytes, where it upregulated class II expression, promoted IgE class switching and inhibited inflammatory cytokine production. IL-13 is a monomeric 17 kDa immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergy, cancer, and tissue fibrosis. Mature human IL-13 shares approximately […]

Interleukin 11 (IL-11), a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, exerts pleiotropic activities by stimulating hemopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, regulating macrophage differentiation, and conferring mucosal protection in the intestine. These effects are mediated by a multimeric complex comprising the ligand-binding IL-11R± and the ubiquitously expressed gp130R-subunit, which together, trigger intracellular signaling and engagement of Stat3. […]

Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also known as B cell-stimulatory factor-1, is a pleiotropic cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells and produced by by mast cells, activated T cells and bone marrow stromal cells. Mature human IL-4 shares 55%, 39% and 43% aa sequence identity with bovine, mouse, and rat […]

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that has regulatory effects on T and natural killer (NK) cells and is composed of two disulfide-bonded subunits, p40 and p35. It is a heterodimeric cytokine produced by macrophages, mitogen stimulated- or EBV infected-B lymphocytes, keratinocytes, and probably dendritic cells, with important immunoregulatory functions in vitro and in vivo. In […]