Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a type I cytokine that modulates functions of T, B, natural killer (NK), and myeloid cells. IL-21 is produced by activated T follicular helper cells (Tfh), Th17 cells, and NKT cells. Tfh-derived IL-21 plays an important role in the development of humoral immunity through its autocrine effects on the Tfh cell and […]

IL-20 belongs to the IL-10 family. It is a cytokine structurally related to interleukin 10. Human IL-20 is synthesized as a 176 amino acid (aa) precursor with a 24 aa signal sequence and a 152 aa mature segment. IL-20 production has been found in skin, trachea, and other tissues. In particular, it is produced by […]

Interleukin 19 (IL-19) is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines. The IL-10 family is a class II alpha -helical collection of cytokines that contains two groups, a viral homolog and a cellular homolog group. Within the cellular homolog group, there are two additional groupings, one which uses IL-10 R2 as a signal transducing […]

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), also known as IL-1F4, is a proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 superfamily and is produced by macrophages and other cells. It is expressed as a 24 kDa precursor by endothelial and epithelial cells, keratinocytes, gamma δ T cells, and phagocytes. Mature human IL-18 shares approximately 63% amino acid sequence identity with […]

The molecular features at the IL19 locus may modestly alter the establishment of HIV-1 infection. Interleukin (IL) 19, IL-20, and IL-24 belong to the IL-10 cytokine family and have been identified to play a role in the regulation of epidermal functions and inflammation. The expression of IL19 in biopsies of patients with active ulcerative colitis […]

The Interleukin 17F (IL-17) family proteins, comprising six members (IL-17, IL-17B through IL-17F), are secreted, structurally related proteins that share a conserved cystine-knot fold near the C-terminus, but have considerable sequence divergence at the N-terminus. With the exception of IL-17B, which exists as a noncovalently linked dimer, all IL-17 family members are disulfide-linked dimers. IL-17 […]

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), also known as CTLA-8, is a glycosylated cytokine that plays an important role in anti-microbial and chronic inflammation. The six IL-17 cytokines (IL-17A-F) are encoded by separate genes but adopt a conserved cystine knot fold. Mature rat IL-17A shares 60% and 89% amino acid sequence identity with human and mouse IL-17A, respectively. IL-17A […]

The Interleukin 17B (IL-17) family proteins, comprising six members (IL-17, IL-17B through IL-17F), are secreted, structurally related proteins that share a conserved cystine-knot fold near the C-terminus, but have considerable sequence divergence at the N-terminus (1, 2). With the exception of IL-17B, which exists as a noncovalently linked dimer, all IL-17 family members are disulfide-linked […]

IL17, also known as IL17a, is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-17 family. Cytokines are proteinaceous signaling compounds that are major mediators of the immune response. They control many different cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival/apoptosis but are also involved in several pathophysiological processes including viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Cytokines are […]

Interleukin 16 (IL-16), also known as lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF), refers to the C-terminal peptide of pro-IL-16 isoform 1, which is a nuclear and cytoplasmic PDZ-containing protein. The C-terminus of pro-IL-16 is cleaved by Caspase-3, resulting in the release of secreted IL-16. Mature IL-16 has been shown to bind the cell surface receptor CD4 and […]