Activin A, a homodimer of activin βA subunits, is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β super-family. Activin A is produced by the placenta during human pregnancy, has been recognized as a multifunctional cytokine expressed in a wide range of tissues and cells with roles in regulation of wound repair, cell differentiation, apoptosis, embryogenesis, […]

Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α) , also known as sarcoma growth factor, TGF-type I and ETGF, is a member of the EGF family of cytokines. TGF-α is an EGF-related polypeptide growth factor that signals through the EGF receptor, and stimulates the proliferation of a wide range of epidermal and epithelial cells.Mature TGF-alpha shows approximately 93% amino […]

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a small growth factor containing 53 amino acid residues capable of stimulating the proliferation of both mesenchymal and epithelial cells. EGF and FGF-2 induce the proliferation of neural precursor cells isolated from specific regions of the embryonic and adult brain. Biological activities ascribed to EGF include epithelial development, angiogenesis, inhibition […]

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFb1) belongs to the TGF-β family with the highest percentage (>90%) and the most potent activity of a multifunctional regulator of cellular activity. Recombinant human transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a biologically active protein used in cell culture applications.It is a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation, and other functions […]

TGF-beta 2 (transforming growth factor beta 2) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily that share a characteristic cysteine knot structure. TGF-beta 1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Each TGF-beta […]

TGFβ3 is a member of the TGF-β superfamily subgroup defined by its structural and functional similarities.TGF-β3 and β1, β2 act as cellular switches to regulate immune function, cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The human TGF-β3 cDNA encodes the 412 aa precursor, which contains 20 aa signaling peptides and 392 aa proteins. Mature human TGF-β3 shares […]

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was discovered as a major mitogenic factor present in serum but absent from plasma. In vitro, PDGF-BB stimulated MAP kinase activity and cell motility of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells. In vivo, PDGF-BB potently induced growth of lymphatic vessels. Expression of PDGF-BB in murine fibrosarcoma cells induced tumor lymphangiogenesis, leading to enhanced […]

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was discovered as a major mitogenic factor present in serum but absent from plasma. In vitro, PDGF-BB stimulated MAP kinase activity and cell motility of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells. In vivo, PDGF-BB potently induced growth of lymphatic vessels. Expression of PDGF-BB in murine fibrosarcoma cells induced tumor lymphangiogenesis, leading to enhanced […]

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was discovered as a major mitogenic factor present in serum but absent from plasma. In vitro, PDGF-BB stimulated MAP kinase activity and cell motility of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells. In vivo, PDGF-BB potently induced growth of lymphatic vessels. Expression of PDGF-BB in murine fibrosarcoma cells induced tumor lymphangiogenesis, leading to enhanced […]

PDGF is involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, embryonic neuron development, chemotaxis, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. The A-chain homodimers of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF AA) are widely expressed in normal and transformed cells. The mitogenic properties of PDGF AA are well established. FGF-2 and platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-AA) are […]