Bcl-xL is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that regulates outer mitochondrial membrane permeability. Bcl-xL is an anti-apoptotic member that prevents release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria intermembrane space into the cytosol. Bcl-xL is present on the outer mitochondrial membrane and is also found on other membranes in some cell types. Natural […]

Human Apolipoprotein-Serum Amyloid A (Human Apo-SAA) is a member of the serum amyloid A family of apolipoproteins. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein. This protein is a major acute phase protein that is highly expressed in response to inflammation and tissue injury. This protein also plays an important role in […]

Brain natriuretic peptide(human) is an endogenous peptide secreted from cardiac ventricles in response to volume increase and pressure overload that acts as an agonist at atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor A (NRP1). Decreases de novo collagen synthesis and increases MMP gene expression in vitro. Exhibits natriuretic, vasodilatory and lusitropic activity and inhibits the sympathetic and […]

Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a 28 kDa glycoprotein that is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. HDL particles play a central role in the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. HDL is known as “good cholesterol” due to its ability to facilitate the removal of cholesterol from […]

Follistatin (FS) was initially identified as a follicle-stimulating hormone inhibiting substance found in ovarian follicular fluid. It has since been shown that FS is a high‑affinity activin-binding protein that can act as an activin antagonist. Two alternatively spliced follistatin mRNAs, encoding mature FS with 288 amino acid (aa) residues (FS‑288) and 315 aa residues (FS‑315), […]

Prolactin (gene name PRL) is a secreted neuroendocrine pituitary hormone that acts primarily on the mammary gland to promote lactation, but has pleiotropic effects in both males and females. Prolactin is synthesized mainly by the anterior pituitary in all mammals, where secretion is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine. Secretion can be stimulated by suckling […]

Prolactin, also named PRL and lactotrope is a peptide hormone, encoded by the PRL gene. The major form of PRL is a 23 kDa monomeric protein, splice variants of 14, 16, and 22 kDa have been identified. PRL has also been found to be glycosylated, phosphorylated, dimerized, and polymerized. Glycosylation, phosphorylation, dimerization, or polymerization of […]

Leptin is a protein product of the mouse obese gene . It modulates multiple functions including energy homeostasis, thermoregulation, bone metabolism, endocrine, and pro-inflammatory immune responses. As a signal molecule with growth factor characteristics, leptin can stimulate osteoblastic cells and inhibit osteoclast formation and activity, thus promoting osteogenesis.

Angiostatin is an antiangiogenic 3845 kDa proteolytic fragment of Plasminogen, a 92100 kDa glycosylated blood zymogen that serves as the precursor for Plasmin (1). Plasminogen is produced primarily in the liver, but also in other tissues. Angiostatin circulates in the plasma, binds endothelial cells and myeloid cells, is present in platelet granules, and is excreted […]

Endostatin is a naturally-occurring 20-kDa C-terminal fragment derived from collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain (COL18A1). It is reported to serve as an anti-angiogenic agent, similar to angiostatin and thrombospondin. It potently inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and inhibits endothelial cell angiogenesis by binding to the heparan sulfate proteoglycans involved in growth factor signaling. Endostatin is a broad spectrum […]