Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements. Very few […]

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP), or hydroxyprogesterone (OHP) (INN, BAN), also known as 17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is an endogenous progestogen steroid hormone related to progesterone. It is also a chemical intermediate in the biosynthesis of many other endogenous steroids, including androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids, as well as neurosteroids.

Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine antipsychotic used to treat nausea, vomiting, preoperative anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe behavioral problems in children.

Clozapine is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the […]

Diphenhydramine (abbreviated DPH, sometimes DHM) is a first-generation antihistamine possessing anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties which is mainly used to treat allergies. Like most other first-generation antihistamines, the drug also has a powerful hypnotic effect, and for this reason is often used as a non-prescription sleep aid; especially in the form of diphenhydramine citrate.

Ketoconazole is a synthetic derivative of phenylpiperazine with broad antifungal properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Ketoconazole inhibits sterol 14-a-dimethylase, a microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme, thereby disrupting synthesis of?ergosterol, an important component of the fungal cell wall.

Trazodone is a serotonin uptake inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a group of drugs that contain a characteristic three ringed nucleus structure. They have been used in the treatment of various forms of depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and enuresis in children and as an adjunct to analgesics for certain chronic and neuropathic pain syndromes. Whilst therapeutic drug monitoring […]

Estrone is one of the three naturally occurring estrogens, the others being estradiol and estriol. Estrone is produced primarily from androstenedione originating from the gonads or the adrenal cortex. In premenopausal women, more than 50% of the estrone is secreted by the ovaries. In prepubertal children, men and non supplemented postmenopausal women the major portion […]

A hydroxylated metabolite of estradiol or estrone that has a hydroxyl group at C3-beta, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During pregnancy, large amount of estriol is produced by the placenta. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol. Though estriol is used as part of the […]