β-Thujaplicin (β-TH, Hinokitiol, 4-Isopropyltropolone) is a toxic tropolone derivative present in the heartwood of western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and is used as a preservative and antimicrobial additive in a number of commercial goods. Hinokitiol is a component of essential oils isolated from Chymacyparis obtusa, reduces Nrf2 expression, and decreases DNMT1 and UHRF1 mRNA and […]

Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate (CP) or PCr (Pcr), is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain to recycle adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, L-oxitriptan), also known as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Methyl syringate (Syringic Acid Methyl Ester), a plant phenolic compound, is a specific and selective TRPA1 agonist.

L-α-phosphatidylcholine, a surfactant and a constituent of the liposomal carrier system, has shown hepatoprotection in the various hepatotoxicity model.

5-Acetylsalicylic acid (5-acetyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Vitamin U (Methylmethioninesulfonium Chloride, Cabagin-U, Smethylmethionine) is a vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.

Glycylglycine (Diglycine, Diglycocoll, Glycine dipeptide), the simplest peptide made of two glycine molecules, is usually used in the synthesis of more complicated peptides.

3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA, indole-3-propionic acid), a gut microbial metabolite, is a potent neuroprotective antioxidant and plant auxin.

L-Cystine is the oxidized dimer form of the amino acid L-cysteine which is a non-essential amino acid of the human body. It is required for wound healing and formation of epithelial tissue.