Morroniside, an iridoid glycoside, is the main active ingredient from Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. and Sambucus williamsii Hance. It has therapeutic effects on diabetic angiopathies, renal damage, lipid metabolism and inflammation and bone resorption. Morroniside has neuroprotective effect by inhibiting neuron apoptosis and MMP2/9 expression.

Saikosaponin A is a triterpene saponin derived from the medicinal plant, Bupleurum chinensis DC. (Umbelliferae). It has a variety of pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-bacterial activities.

Asarinin (Sesamin, Fagarol, Pseudocubebin, Episesamin, Eleutheroside B4), isolated as a racemate from the shrub Zanthoxylum alatum, is usually used as a dietary fat-reduction supplement.

Kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside (Kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside), isolated from the herbs of Delphinium grandiflorum L., has insulin-like properties in terms of glucose lowering.

Bavachin (Corylifolin) is a phytoestrogen purified from natural herbal plants such as Psoralea corylifolia. It acts as a weak phytoestrogen by binding and activating the ER.

Monotropein, an iridoids glycoside isolated from the roots of Morinda officinalis How, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.

Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin), a naturally occurring chalcone compound derived from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L., has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine as anthelmintic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, astringent and antiplatelet agent.

Akebia saponin D (Asperosaponin VI), the most abundant constituent of the rhizome of Dipsacus asper, has been used for the treatment of lower back pain, traumatic hematoma and bone fractures.

1-Naphthyl phosphate potassium salt (α-Naphthyl acid phosphate monopotassium salt) is a non-specific phosphatase inhibitor which acts on acid, alkaline, and protein phosphatases.

DL-2-Aminoadipic acid is an excitatory amino acid analogue, which functions as a glutamine synthetase inhibitor.