N-Acetylglutamic acid (N-Acetylglutamate) is the first intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of arginine in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes and a regulator in the process known as the urea cycle that converts toxic ammonia to urea for excretion from the body in vertebrates.

(S)-Glutamic acid (L-Glutamic acid) is an endogenous, non-selective glutamate receptor agonist.

Rutin (Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, Rutoside, Sophorin) is a glycoside found in a wide variety of plants including citrus fruit.

Ammonium Formate is the ammonium salt of formic acid. It is widely used in various organic reactions.

2-Acetylpyrazine is one of the volatile flavor constituents in popcorn, wheat and rye bread crust.

Ureidosuccinic acid (Carbamoyl aspartic acid) is an intermediary product in pyrimidine biosynthesis.

1,2-Propanediol (1,2-Dihydroxypropane, Propylene glycol, Methyl ethyl glycol) is a synthetic liquid substance that is commonly used as an excipient in a variety of drugs and it is also authorised in food products and cosmetics.

N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that usually polymerizes linearly through (1,4)-β-linkages. It may be helpful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Isocytosine (2-aminouracil) is an isomer of cytosine used in physical chemical studies involving metal complex binding, hydrogen-bonding, and tautomerism and proton transfer effects in nucleobases.

Hydrocinnamic acid (3-phenylpropionic acid, Benzylacetic acid) is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases in the pathway phenylalanine metabolism (KEGG). It is an antifungal agent and a metabolite.