p-Toluenesulfonic acid (4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid, Tosylic acid, tosic acid, para-toluene) is an extremely strong acidic compound.

N-(5-Aminopentyl)acetamide (Monoacetylcadaverine, N-Acetylcadaverine) is the acetylated form of the polyamine cadaverine, which is a foul-smelling diamine compound.

Arachidonic acid (Arachidonate) is an unsaturated, essential fatty acid found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs. It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.,

N-Methylhydantoin (1-Methylhydantoin, Dioxy-creatinine) is a small molecular weight polar substance, the product of degradation of creatinine by bacteria. It is an unexpected metabolite of the intelligence-affecting substance dupracetam.

2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid is an unusual metabolite found in the urine of patients with 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and maple syrup urine disease. 2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid is also a secondary metabolite found in human urine after exposure to the gasoline additive tert-amyl-Me-ether (TAME).

L-Gulono-1,4-lactone (L-Gulonolactone, L-Gulono-gamma-lactone, reduced ascorbic acid) is the substrate of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants and animals.

N-Isovaleroylglycine is an acyl glycine that is normally minor metabolites of fatty acids.

L-Gulose is an unnatural monosaccharide that exists as a syrup with a sweet taste. It is an L-hexose sugar and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-Ascorbate (vitamin C).

DL-6,8-Thioctamide (alpha-Lipoic amide) is used for protecting liver and health care products.

Scyllo-Inositol (Scyllitol, Cocositol, Quercinitol, AZD 103, Scyllo-Cyclohexanehexol) is a naturally occurring plant sugar alcohol found most abundantly in the coconut palm.