Vitexin (Apigenin-8-C-glucoside), an naturally occuring apigenin flavone glycoside, acts as a platelet aggregation and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and shows antineoplastic activity.

Aristolochic acid A (Aristolochic Acid I, Aristolochin, Aristolochine, TR 1736) is a carcinogenic, mutagenic, and nephrotoxic agent extracted from the flowering plant family Aristolochiaceae.Aristolochic acid A significantly reduces both activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activities.

Toddalolactone, a natural coumarin, inhibits the activity of recombinant human Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in a dose-dependent manner, yielding an IC50 value of 37.31 ± 3.23 μM.

Maltotetraose, found in many foods, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides.

Calceolarioside B (Nuomioside A), found in the herbs of Ajuga becumbens Thunb., has anti-proliferation property.Calceolarioside B exhibits significant inhibitory activity against rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) with an IC50 of 23.99 μM. Calceolarioside B displays inhibitory effect on DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 of 94.60 μM.

Obtusifolin is anthraquinone found in the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia, has inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation and aldose reductase.

Pinoresinol diglucoside, one of the major lignans isolated from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark, has various pharmacological functions, including antihypertension and prevention of osteoporosis.

Tiliroside, a glycosidic flavonoid, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and hepatoprotective activities.

Imperialine (Sipeimine, Kashmirine) is an alkaloid found in the bulbs of species of the genus Fritillaria.

Schaftoside, a bioactive compound found in the Herba Desmodii Styracifolii, exhibits pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission.