Alisol B acetate, a triterpene from Alismatis rhizoma, induces Bax up-regulation and nuclear translocation, the activation of initiator caspase-8 and caspase-9, and executor caspase-3, suggesting the involvement of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways.

Polyphyllin I, a small molecular monomer extracted from Rhizoma of Paris polyphyllin, is used in the treatment of infectious disease and cancer. Polyphyllin I inhibits proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death in U251 cells. Polyphyllin I is an activator of the JNK signaling pathway with a potential anti-glioma effect.

Ruscogenin, a major steroidal sapogenin of traditional Chinese herb Radix Ophiopogon japonicus, has been reported to exert significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities.

Homoorientin (Isoorientin, Luteolin-6-C-glucoside) is a flavone that acts as a radical scavenger and an antineoplastic agent.

Ginsenoside Rc, isolated from Panax ginseng, may exert various activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, and anti-diabetic effects.

Epimedin A is a major component of Herba Epimedii with bioactivities.

Epmedin B (Epimedin B) is a component extracted from Epimedii Folium and may have antiosteoporotic activity.

Baohuoside-VI (Epmedin C), a flavonoid isolated from the herbs of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, exhibits immunostimulatory and anticancer activities.

Dracohodin perochlorate, extracted from Dragon’s blood, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, especially in wound healing.

Pulchinenoside A (Anemoside A3), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is a AMPARs and NMDAR modulator.