BMP-3, also known as osteogenin, the most abundant BMP in adult bone, is one of at least 15 structurally and functionally related BMPs, which are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. BMPs were originally identified as protein regulators of cartilage and bone formation. They have since been shown to be involved in embryogenesis and morphogenesis of […]

Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is one of nine structurally related BMPs belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of secreted proteins. The human BMP-4 shares 98 % sequence indentity with mouse BMP-4. Mature BMP-4 is a dimer that binds to a multimeric transmembrane receptor with serine/threonine kinase activity. BMP-4, a stimulator of chondrogenesis, both […]

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the BMP subgroup, of which BMP2-7 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. It plays a dominant role in embryonic dorsoventral patterning, organogenesis, limb bud formation, and bone formation and regeneration. Mature human BMP-2 has 100% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat BMP-2. It has 85% sequence […]

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a member of the FGF gene family. Based on its structure, FGF-21 is further classified into a subfamily of FGFs along with FGF-19 and -23. At the amino acid sequence level, mature rat FGF-21 is 92% identical to mouse FGF-21. In comparison to other FGF subfamilies, a heparin-binding domain […]

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a member of the FGF family, within a subfamily that also includes FGF19 and FGF21. FGF proteins contain a 120 amino acid (aa) core FGF domain that exhibits a betatrefoil structure. β-Klotho has been identified as co-factor required for FGF-19, 21, 23 signaling. It can obviously increase ligand-receptor affinity. […]

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a member of the FGF gene family. Based on its structure, FGF-21 is further classified into a subfamily of FGFs along with FGF-19 and -23. At the amino acid sequence level, mature mouse FGF-21 is 81% and 92% identical to mature human and rat FGF-21, respectively. In comparison to […]

FGF-19 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. After being secreted from the intestine, FGF19 can enter the liver with the circulation and bind to FGFR4 in the liver to act. It has a hormone-like effect and plays an important role in metabolic regulation, such as regulating bile acid metabolism, regulating gallbladder […]

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) belongs to the large FGF family which is encoded by the FGF-21 gene. Mature human FGF-21 shows 81% aa identity to mouse FGF-21, and is known to be active on mouse cells. The c-DNA for FGF-21 predicts a 209 aa polypeptide that contains a 28 aa signal sequence and a 181 […]

Fibroblast Growth Factor 18 (FGF-18) is a 21 kDa protein that plays an important role in skeletal development and bone homeostasis. Rat FGF-18 is encoded by the FGF18 gene in rats. By phylogenetic analysis and gene location analysis, FGF-18 is divided into FGF-8 subfamily which has three members FGF-8, FGF-17 and FGF-18. It is expressed […]

Fibroblast Growth Factor 18 (FGF-18) is a 20 kDa protein that plays an important role in skeletal development and bone homeostasis. Mature mouse FGF-18 shares 99% amino acid sequence identity with human and rat FGF-18. It is expressed in embryonic somites and the neural fold, adult lung, cerebellar and hippocampal neurons, hair follicle root sheath […]