(±)-Huperzine A, an active Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese herb, is a potent, selective and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and has been widely used in China for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Canthaxanthin is a red-orange carotenoid with various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antitumor properties.

Virginiamycin M1 (Pristinamycin IIA; Ostreogrycin A), produced by Streptomyces virginiae, is an polyunsaturated macrocyclic lactone antibiotic and acts as a component of Virginiamycin (HY-112665). Virginiamycin M1 alone is against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 0.25 μg/mL.

A-674563 is a selective, orally active inhibitor of Akt1 with a Ki of 11 nM. It also inhibits PKA with Ki of 16 nM and CDK2 with Ki of 46 nM. A-674563 reduces Akt downstream target phosphorylation and inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vitro with an EC50 of 0.4 µM.

Zearalenone is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, which colonizes several grains. Zearalenone has low acute toxicity and carcinogenicity. Due to its agonistic effect on the estrogen receptor, Zearalenone exhibits distinct estrogenic and anabolic properties in several animal species, resulting in severe effects on the reproductive system.

Epothilone D (KOS 862) is a potent microtubule stabilizer.

δ-Tocotrienol is a form of vitamin E that disrupts PD-L1 glycosylation by inhibiting the TCF4-STT3 pathway, leading to lower PD-L1 expression and reduced exosomal release. This reduction in PD-L1 impairs the PD-L1/PD-1 interaction, thereby reversing immune suppression. It also inhibits prostate cancer development by reducing cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, and blocking angiogenesis in Ptenp−/− mice.

Bremelanotide (PT-141) is an analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Bremelanotide activates the mPOA and other hypothalamic and limbic regions of the brain involved in sexual behavior. Bremelanotide can be used for researching hypoactive sexual desire disorders.

Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glutamylcysteine), a dipeptide containing cysteine and glutamic acid, is a precursor to glutathione (GSH). Gamma-glutamylcysteine is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to increase GSH levels.

3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin, and also an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.