VKGILS-NH2 is a reversed amino acid sequence control peptide for SLIGKV-NH2 (protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonist). VKGILS-NH2 has no effect on DNA synthesis in cells.

TPh A (Triphenyl Compound A) is a potent inhibitor of the nuclear protein pirin and binds specifically to pirin with a Ki of 0.6 uM. TPh A disrupts the formation of the bcl3–pirin complex. TPh A can be used as a novel small molecule tool to regulate pirin in cells.

L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride is a fatty acid metabolite, accumulates in the sarcolemma and deranges the membrane lipid environment during ischaemia. It potentially inhibited the KATP channels by interacting with Kir6.2.

PAR-2 (1-6) (human) (SLIGKV), a peptide ligand, is a PAR-2 agonist.

4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE1), an estrone metabolite, has strong neuroprotective effect against oxidative neurotoxicity. 4-Hydroxyestrone increases cytoplasmic translocation of p53 resulting from SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of p53. 4-Hydroxyestrone has little estrogenic activity.

Trofinetide (NNZ-2566), a synthetic analogue of the endogenous N-terminus tripeptide, Glycine-Proline-Glutamate (GPE), has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of brain injury.

3-Epioleanolic acid is an active component of Verbena officinalis Linn, with anti-inflammatory activity.

Fuscoside (OPC-21268) is an orally effective, nonpeptide, vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 0.4 μM.

MRT68921 is a potent inhibitor of ULK1 and ULK2, with IC50 values of 2.9 nM and 1.1 nM, respectively.

Fingolimod phosphate (FTY720 phosphate) is an orally active sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist. Fingolimod phosphate can promote the neuroprotective effects of microglia. Fingolimod phosphate can be used for the research of multiple sclerosis and neurologic diseases.