Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (Physalien) is a wolfberry-derived carotenoid, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate directly interact with p2X7 receptor (Kd=81.2 nM) and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1; Kd=533 nM) in a positive dose-dependent manner. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate restores mitochondrial autophagy functions suppressed by ethanol intoxication. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate can be used in the research of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP)[2].IC50 & Target: p2X7/AdipoR1 receptorIn Vitro: Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 μM; 2 h) totally or partially reverses the down-regulation of Atg5, beclin-1, and LC3A/B by ethanol (250 mM), and the up-regulation of p62 by ethanol in BRL-3A cells.Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 μM; 2 h) partially recovers the ethanol-suppressed LC3B in BRL-3A cells.Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 μM; 2 h) partially recovers the ethanol-suppressed cell viability and ethanol-induced aspase-3/7 activity of BRL-3A cells.Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 μM; 2 h) recovers the ethanol-induced inhibition of mitophagy in BRL-3A cells.In Vivo: Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (10 mg/kg; p.o.; daily for 2 weeks) reduces the serum ALT and AST levels increased by long-term ethanol challenge in at AFLD Model.
Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (10 mg/kg; p.o.; daily for 2 weeks) effectively attenuates the histological injury.
Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (10 mg/kg; p.o.; daily for 2 weeks) attenuates the AFLD-induced hepatic apoptosis (reveal by caspase-3/7 activity) and inflammation (TNF-α) in rat.
Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (approximately 4 μM; intravitreal injection for once) improves the visual behavior of rd10 mice and delays the degeneration of retinal photoreceptors[2].
Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (approximately 4 μM; intravitreal injection for once) improves the light responses of photoreceptors, bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells[2].
Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (approximately 4 μM; intravitreal injection for once) reduces the expression of genes that are involved in inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress in rd10 mice[2].