Olanzapine is an antipsychotic agent with anticholinergic properties. Olanzapine induces autophagy, mitochondrial damage, and mitophagy in the human SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line.

Oligomycin is an inhibitor of mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase. A useful tool for decreasing cellular ATP levels. Induces autophagy. Stimulates lysosome acidification. Oligomycin protects against ischemic kidney in male rats.

An anti-diabetic drug of the biguanide class. Increases AMPK activity without increasing AMP/ATP. Also acts as a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor.

PKC ι is a member of the protein kinase C family of serine-threonine kinases. PKC ι can modify the vulnerability of neural cells to apoptosis induced by amyloid β-peptide (ABP), a cytotoxic peptide linked to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Associated with the increased resistance to apoptosis are improved mitochondrial function and reduced activity of […]

R162 is a cell-permeable, nontoxic selective inhibitor of Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1), (Ki = 28.6 µM) which is an upregulated enzyme in human cancers. It shows selectivity over other NADPH-dependent enzymes such as 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and Fumarate hydratase (FH). It shows reduced levels of intracellular fumarate levels and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity with an increase in […]

A broad spectrum insecticide that is cell-permeable and brain-permeable. Acts as a mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 1.7 – 2.2 μM at complex I). Inhibits NADH oxidation by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (IC₅₀ = 3.4 nM). Neurotoxic agent that has also been used successfully to reproduce Parkinsons-like characteristics in in-vitro slice culture models.

Originally reported as an inhibitor of Protein Kinase C isoforms with selectivity for PKCδ. However, more recent studies have shown Rottlerin did not block PKCδ activity but did block other kinase and non-kinase proteins in vitro and activated multiple Ca²⁺-sensitive K⁺ channels with high potency. It uncouples mitochondria and affects mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen […]

Ruthenium red is an inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter; also blocks cell membrane-located capsaicin-activated cation channels (IC₅₀ = 14 nM) and voltage-sensitive Ca²⁺ channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release. Besides, it specifically blocks the curcumin-induced apoptosis in U937 cells.

S63845 is a potent and selective small molecule MCL1 inhibitor with Ki < 1.2 nM. S63845 potently kills MCL1-dependent cancer cells, including multiple myeloma, leukaemia and lymphoma cells, by activating the BAX/BAK-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Solamargine is a major steroidal alkaloid glycoside extracted from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Solanum nigrum L. (SNL). It has been shown to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of various cancer cells. Solamargine triggers cellular necrosis selectively in different types of human melanoma cancer cells through extrinsic mitochondrial death pathway.

Tropodithietic acid is a broad spectrum tropolone antibiotic with activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Displays cytotoxic effects on mammalian cell lines acting via disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of ERK1/2, and induction of HSP32/HO-1.

UK-5099 is a potent and specific inhibitor of MPC (mitochondrial pyruvate carrier) activity. It potently inhibits pyruvate-dependent oxygen consumption by rat heart mitochondria with an IC₅₀ value of 50 nM. UK-5099 has recently been shown to block pyruvate from entering the mitochondria, which forces the production of lactate in the hair follicle stem cells and accelerates […]

Urolithin A is generated by gut microflora as a natural metabolite of ellagitannins, a class of compounds found in the pomegranate and other fruits and nuts. Oral administration of urolithin A leads to an improved mitochondrial function by stimulating mitophagy, a process by which damaged mitochondria are recycled

A highly selective K⁺- ionophore. It binds potassium ions (K⁺) and facilitates their transfer across lipid bilayers. Inhibits Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and promotes cell death by mitochondrial swelling and autophagic processes, but not apoptosis.

VLX600 is a small molecule which is cytotoxic to quiescent cells in colon cancer cells with an IC₅₀ of 1-10 μM. VLX600 decreases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and shows enhanced cytotoxic activity under conditions of nutrient starvation. It inhibits growth of colon cancer xenografts with minimal systemic toxicity in mice.